Postwar Urban Development in the Golden Horseshoe Research Paper

Postwar Urban Development in the Golden Horseshoe - Research Paper Example The Golden Horseshoe population is dense which makes up one fourth of the total population in Canada. The total population of the Greater Golden Horseshoe was 8.1 million individuals according to census results of 2006 (MacFarlane 65). By the year 2031, the population is projected to grow up to about 12 million (MacFarlane 66). This shows that the expected growth rate per year is about 12.5 %. However, in the urban areas there are set density targets for the urban growth. The policies enable effective urban growth with fully developed structures.   The population figure puts the Greater Horseshoe to be ranked sixth among the most populated urbanized areas in the North America. It also has a strong economy that helps in the implementation of policies effectively, especially the plans that require financial investments. In this respect, the greater Golden Horseshoe was selected to be the headquarters for the world fortune global companies approximated as five hundred in number. This has made it to be among the worlds’ most stable countries economically.Growth Plan for Urban Development Generally, proper growth plan of the Greater Golden Horseshoe was produced in 2006, where several policies for growth management of these urban centers were incorporated. The policies are useful in guiding of planning decisions on the respective urban development areas. This reflects a planning vision of the Great Golden Horseshoe, which is the central development support for the nation.  ... This has made it to be among the worlds’ most stable countries economically. Growth Plan for Urban Development Generally, proper growth plan of the Greater Golden Horseshoe was produced in 2006, where several policies for growth management of these urban centers were incorporated. The policies are useful in guiding of planning decisions on the respective urban development areas. This reflects a planning vision of the Great Golden Horseshoe, which is the central development support for the nation. The government of Ontario prepared policies on the general growth plan of Golden Horseshoe. This plan was to promote a healthy growth that covered the whole Ontario. Growth plan for Horseshoe had major aims stated as revitalization of all downtowns to be vibrant and excellent centers, provision of good housing choices, protection of greenhouse and farming lands, and creation of good infrastructural facilities through better road network among other grand plans. Some of the policies in cluded the transit promotion, walking terms in the city and demand management of transport system (MacFarlane 77). The infrastructural policies were also effective in setting up standardized buildings and road network in the urban regions. This enhanced a faster development through transportation of commodities to the market effectively, without wastage. The population has a greater influence on the selected 25 urban centers’ population. The urban planning provisions were to recognize diversity in the 25 centers. The set density target for the urban is 400 jobs and persons per hectare. If growth plan on density is realized, then the municipality can then set the new minimum

The American Red Cross (Ethics) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The American Red Cross (Ethics) - Essay Example These include blood services, food, blankets, cots, emergency and disaster relief services, health and safety services, and dozens of other goods and services provided to people in need. Their ethics document is highly developed, including standards for the sharing of biomedical knowledge, protocols for behavior in war, compliance with the law, avoidance of conflicts of interest, confidentiality and rules governing gifts (Red Cross). This makes ethical breaches especially troubling: The ARC is not only a leader in relief efforts and humanitarian work, but has clear issues and protocols for dealing with and managing ethical issues. It is important to note that recent problems with the ARC have not prevented it from doing good work on the ground for hundreds of thousands of people. Ongoing relief efforts continue. Yet the breaches could jeopardize that work. Executive turnover at the top, from Elizabeth Dole to Bernadine Healy to Mark Everson, not only occurred under inauspicious circu mstances (Healy's failure to adequately respond to 9/11, Everson's sexual dalliances and abuse of authority), but threatened the contiguity of leadership important to managing an organization as big and diverse as the ARC (Ferrell and Ferrell, 2011, p. 503). Embezzlement in many state chapters occurred, one of the most shocking being a Pennsylvania manager who stole money for crack cocaine! Congressional mandates have only stemmed, not stopped, the reports of embezzlement and impropriety. Hurricane Katrina also reflected badly on the ARC, though here most of the blame and attention was placed upon FEMA and the Bush administration's inadequate response (Ferrell and Ferrell, 2011, p. 505). Yet the ARC did make many miscalculations, such as using felons, diverting relief supplies, and poor tracking and distribution (Ferrell and Ferrell, 2011, p. 506). The issue is that, as a charitable organization beholden not only to contributors but also to policy-maker, agencies and taxpayers, the ARC's ethical issues threaten its ability to market, gain contributions, and remain trustworthy as a leadership force in humanitarian aid. As noted, the ARC has an extensive moral code. This is not simply a statement of principles, though those principles are well-established and complex. ARC care providers are supposed to be, in a sense, nurses and doctors for the world. They are, for many, a one-stop shop for needs: People in poverty-stricken, disaster-stricken or crisis areas, refugees and other recipients of aid get everything from medical care to clothes and blankets. The ARC attempts to avoid partisanship and nationalism: They seek to serve all of mankind (Red Cross). Again, most of the problems that have plagued the ARC have been leadership, not rank-and-file, issues: Embezzlement by managers and poor executive decisions are damning, true, but there is no evidence that the people actually providing aid have declined one iota in their ethical standards, belief in the ARC's cor e principles, or have ceased to provide a useful service. None of the four major organizational ethical philosophies can justify the ARC's current lapses, but what philosophy do they generally operate under? Between denotative, relativistic, deontological and consequentalist frameworks, the ARC's traditional

Answer the history eassy questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Answer the history eassy questions - Essay Example The human civilizations on the banks of the great rivers suffered from seasonal variations of flood and dryness and so their early wall defences and storage systems helped to even out the extremes. Also, by introducing irrigation systems they were able to extend the reach of their agriculture, making wider and wider margins of cultivable fields. The more crops they had, the more people they could sustain, and the more armies they could form, which had the disadvantage of facilitating wars. There was also competition for the water resource which caused tensions between different groups. Sometimes irrigation disturbed the water flow further downstream and this caused conflict and hardship when water was in short supply. The Egyptians had the most effective and long lasting leadership and this may have something to do with the way that the leaders were absolutely tied in with religious beliefs. The people regarded them with awe, and worshipped them as gods. The rulers also amassed considerable wealth through trade and the capturing of a great many slave workers, and they consolidated their power through strategic marriages and excellent diplomacy. Government and religion were merged together in a system called Theocracy which means that the gods are in charge in Egypt, Mesopotamia and China. Kings and priests worked together and there is evidence of this in the Pyramids, which are the burial places for the priest/king rulers known as Pharaohs. Their mummies and tombs show pictures of how they ruled. Chines rulers founded dynasties, passing power on from one generation to the next. There are relics such as books and vessels which show Chinese civilization was very advanced. The â€Å"Mandate of Heaven† is assumed to last for a certain period with each dynasty, until people rebel, and a new dynasty takes over. The rulers created stability so that the population could produce good crops and develop societies. Different

Platos the Republic Essay Example for Free

Platos the Republic Essay By the beginning of Book II of Plato’s The Republic, many questions have been brought upon the table involving the definition of justice. Polemarchus argues that justice is doing good to your friends and harm to your enemies. Thrasymachus argues that justice is the advantage of the stronger. Socrates finds flaws in both of these definitions, but discovers another important question about the nature of justice. Socrates wants to know whether the just life or the unjust life is better, or happier, but all arguments thus far have proved unsatisfactory. Book II aims to further outline this complicated question, and hopefully lead them closer to an answer. Glaucon isn’t satisfied by the previous explanations on the nature of justice and injustice. To satisfy his hunger for knowledge, he proposes a challenge to Socrates. Glaucon wants Socrates to explain how justice could be intrinsically good, or, in other words, how justice could be welcomed for its own sake, such as we welcome joy for its own sake. Glaucon expresses this challenge by defining to Socrates the three kinds of goods. Intrinsic goods, he says, are those that are welcomed for their own sake, and not for what rewards could possibly come from them. Mixed goods are those that we welcome for their own sake, but also for what possible rewards could come from them. Instrumental goods are those that we only welcome for the rewards that come from them. Glaucon believes that Socrates could prove that justice is a mixed good by proving exactly how it is instrinsic. Glaucon, in an attempt to reiterate Thrasymachus’s argument in Book I, goes on to present a three-part argument proving that injustice is better than justice. In his first point, Glaucon explains the common conception of justice and it’s origins. Essentially, the natural origin of justice comes from the fact that people like doing injustice, but it is worse to endure justice. Because of this, everyone comes to an agreement not to do injustice so they don’t have to suffer it. Since this story of the origins proves that justice is purely instrumental, if one was to accept this story they would also accept the next two points and, ultimately, accept Thrasymachus’s position. Glaucon’s second point is that justice is purely instrumental. He illustrates this point by using the example of the ring of Gyges. If two people both had the power to do whatever they wanted with no repercussions, as the ring of Gyges would allow them to do, Glaucon thinks that both would end up following the path of the unjust, and be better and happier for it. The just person wearing the ring could do unjust acts but still keep his reputation for justice. Glaucon says, â€Å"No one believes justice to be a good when it is kept private, since, wherever either person thinks he can do injustice with imputiny, he does it† (360c). This leads to his third point. Glaucon thinks that the completely unjust person is much happier than the just person. The ideal unjust person is able to attain everything they could ever want and need, while being honored and praised by those around him for seeming like a just person. Oppositely, the ideal just person is just but doesn’t care about seeming just, thus leading others to believe he is unjust, possibly for his whole life. When the two are compared side by side, it is clear how the unjust person is happy, but not how the just person is happy. Socrates must take certain steps to disprove Thrasymachus’s position on justice. Because the origin story is the key point of Glaucon’s argument, Socrates must show why this origin story seems right but is not. In order to do this, he needs to present a new origin story that shows exactly how justice is instrinsic. Socrates decides that in order to do this he must start by looking at justice in a large sense, then narrow it down to a smaller sense. To outline this process, he states, â€Å"We say, don’t we, that there is the justice of a single man and also the justice of a whole city? And a city is larger than a single man? Perhaps, then there is more justice in the larger thing, and it will be easier to learn what it is. So, if you’re willing, let’s first find out what sort of thing justice is in a city and afterwards look for it in the individual observing the ways in which the smaller is similar to the larger† (368d-369a). In order to look for justice in the city, Socrates must map out an ideal and perfectly just city. By showing the exact specifications of this perfect city, including the classes, functions, and virtues of the people, Socrates can undermine Thrasymachus’s argument and answer Glaucon’s challenge. To define justice and to answer the many questions surrounding justice is one of the main topics of Plato’s The Republic, and Socrates sets out to find these answers for the remainder of the book.

Evidence Based Screening Case Study

Evidence Based Screening Case Study Christopher Mason Clinical scenario Miss. J, (not the patient’s real title or Initial), is a 37-year old female who was recently admitted to the hospital for chronic fatigue leading to exhaustion. As a career she says, â€Å"I am a professional writer and aspiring actress.† She lives alone on the Westside of Los Angeles in a one bedroom apartment. During our conversation she disclosed that after a five year period of not smoking; she has begun smoking again. Miss. J says that the stresses that come with her career path as an actress and writer along with the people involved in the same has most likely caused her to do so. Miss. J denies any illicit drug use but does occasionally use alcohol as a stress reducer. As far as she knows no one in her family has died from or developed any type of cancer. Her father passed away from Acute Myocardial Infarction and was a type 1 diabetic. Her mother has steroid induced type 2 diabetes. Miss. J says, â€Å"I have managed to avoid both. So far.† Identification of the Evidence Based Guideline Based on the interaction with Miss. J, several risk factors became apparent and they include a family history of diabetes, type 1 and type 2. Even with type 2 diabetes having a strong familial association her mother’s was induced by steroids rather than being genetic. The other risk factor that I identified was the smoking of cigarettes and casual use of alcohol as a stress reducer. This places her at an increased risk for use of other illicit drugs, driving accidents, lung cancer, COPD, and high blood pressure, as well as other smoking related diseases. Reason for Selecting Guideline Based on the United States Preventive Services Task Force (U. S. Preventive Services Task Force, 2010), being screened for high blood pressure is recommended as an â€Å"A† level screening. The current level defining hypertension in adults is equal to or greater than 140 for systolic and equal to or greater than 90 for diastolic. Based on variability between separate readings, it is recommended to obtain greater than 2 readings on different visits over several weeks to diagnose hypertension. (p. 35) Barriers and Facilitators for Client Miss. J has only one barrier that I could pinpoint to following up with the screening. Her fatigue. She told me that sometimes she misses appointments because she is too exhausted to drive to them. She agreed that she would make an appointment with her personal physician after being released from the hospital to be screened for hypertension. Adding that she just hoped that she would be able to make the appointments. One of the facilitators that allowed me to participate in a conversation with Miss. J concerning her hypertension was her stating to me that she wished she could have a smoke. That along with her being a captive audience in the hospital. No one had been to visit with her that I had seen, so I assumed and was correct that she would like to chat. Receptivity of Client Miss. J was receptive to the screenings I have listed below. She stated to me that she had recently had a pap smear and tested negative for abnormal cervical cells and HPV. Being asked about the Chlamydia screening because of being sexually active; she said it was something she was interested in receiving more information about. Evidence Based Screening Guidelines Pertinent to Patient Type Clinical Considerations and Currency Situation Cervical Cancer Women 21 to 65 (Pap smear) every 3 years or, for women age 30 to 65 years who want to lengthen the screening interval, screening with a combination of cytology and HPV testing every 5 years. Grade A+ Recommended. (Screening for Cervical Cancer, 2014). Yes, she is current. Chlamydia All sexually active non-pregnant young women aged 24 and younger and for older non-pregnant women who are at increased risk. Grade A+ Recommended. (Section 2. Recommendations for Adults (continued) | Agency for Healthcare Research Quality (AHRQ)#Chlamydia, 2014) No, she is not current. Folic Acid All women planning or capable of pregnancy take a daily supplement containing 0.4 to 0.8 mg (400 to 800  µg) of folic acid. Grade A+ Recommended. (Folic Acid for the Prevention of Neural Tube Defects, 2014) Yes, she takes daily supplement. HIV Adolescents and adults aged 15 to 65 years. Younger adolescents and older adults who are at increased risk should also be screened. Grade A+ Recommended. (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Final Recommendation Statement, 2014) Yes, she is current. Tobacco Use This recommendation applies to adults 18 years or older and all pregnant women regardless of age. The USPSTF plans to issue a separate recommendation statement about counseling to prevent tobacco use in non-pregnant adolescents and children. Grade A+ Recommended. (Counseling and Interventions to Prevent Tobacco Use and Tobacco-Caused Disease in Adults and Pregnant Women: Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement, April 2009) Yes, she has been instructed and understands she should quit. Healthcare Provider Barriers I am performing my clinical rotation at Cedars Sinai in Beverly Hills. They do not allow us to use electronics in or around the patients/clients. After explaining to my clinical liaison about our subject and assignment we were cleared to use the program as long as we did it outside of the patient’s rooms. This was limiting but not considered a complete barrier. Confidence in Providing Evidence Based Screening Guidelines This assignment made me feel uncomfortable at first. I realized that I would be asking some very personal questions to a patient that I did not know. However, it did allow me the chance to become familiar with the AHRQ evidence based guidelines application on the android market. Also, it allowed me to help my patient to learn more about the screenings that she should have based on her lifestyle. References Counseling and Interventions to Prevent Tobacco Use and Tobacco-Caused Disease in Adults and Pregnant Women: Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement. (April 2009). from http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf09/tobacco/tobaccors2.htm Folic Acid for the Prevention of Neural Tube Defects. (2014). from http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsnrfol.htm Screening for Cervical Cancer. (2014). from http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspscerv.htm Section 2. Recommendations for Adults (continued) | Agency for Healthcare Research Quality (AHRQ)#Chlamydia. (2014). from http://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/clinicians-providers/guidelines-recommendations/guide/section2a.html#tiptop U. S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2010). The guide to clinical preventive services, 2010-2011: recommendations of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. [Rockville, Md.]: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Final Recommendation Statement. (2014). from http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf13/hiv/hivfinalrs.htm

The Basic Elements of Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Essay -- Jane

The most important things about a novel are more than one. Which can be Plot, Themes, Conflicts, Settings, Mood etc. Pride and Prejudice is a very complicated but simple play and for a new learner of Jane Austen's this work, one should have to know the basics of this novel. Under are discussed the same basics for the help of the new readers. BACKGROUND INFORMATION - BIOGRAPHY Jane Austen was born in 1775 at Steventon, Hampshire in southern England, where her father was a minister. She was the sixth child in a family of seven children. The family was very close, and Jane had a particular closeness to her sister Cassandra. Although she attended boarding school for a short while, she was mostly educated at home. Both she and Cassandra were attractive and attended country parties, neither of them married, although Jane had several proposals. Much of JaneÂ’s life is captured in the letters that she wrote to her sister, but Cassandra cut out any references there might have been about JaneÂ’s intimate, private life and her innermost thoughts. In spite of the missing information, the letters retain flashes of sharp wit and occasional coarseness. Jane began to write at a young age. Pride and Prejudice, her most popular novel, was the first to be written, although not the first published. She wrote on it for several years and finally completed it as First Impressions in 1797. It, however, was not accepted for publication until 1813, when it appeared with its current version with its new title. As a result, Sense and Sensibility was published first, in 1811. Her other four novels, Mansfield Park, Emma, Northanger Abbey, and Persuasion were all published between 1814 and 1818. She also wrote six minor works and one unfinished novel. B... ...indiscreet mother, WickhamÂ’s false accounts of him, and ElizabethÂ’s own prejudice against him. Elizabeth finds him exceedingly proud and at first strongly dislikes him. Climax A high point in the rising action is LydiaÂ’s elopement, for it threatens to thwart the relationship between Darcy and Elizabeth, but, on the contrary, it gives Darcy an opportunity to prove his love for Elizabeth by using his influence to get Wickham to marry Lydia. In turn, Elizabeth realizes the true worth of Darcy. When Darcy proposes to her a second time, he has lost his pride and she has given up her prejudice. The climax occurs when she eagerly accepts his proposal. Outcome This plot ends in comedy for Darcy accomplishes his goal, winning the love of Elizabeth and her hand in marriage. I hope these all will be more than helpful to the new readers of Pride and Prejudice.

Foot Binding

For what reasons and results did mothers bind their daughter’s feet in China? History 20I Historical Investigation Word Count: 2,000 Julie Diep April 1, 2012 A. Introduction In contrast to a physically disabled child’s question of â€Å"Why me? † left unanswered, the traditional Chinese had a cruel yet straight forward answer of â€Å"Because your childhood is over and it is time to grow into a woman. † Which led to the merciless act of willingly breaking and forcefully binding a girl’s foot at a ripe young age to the length of three inches, no longer than the length of a deck of cards.Woman who were seen inferior to men, were treated as objects exchanged in marriage for business or to tie two families together. They were expected to follow society’s rules, foot binding being one of these rules to increase the value of a female. During the 19th century, â€Å"†¦40–50% of Chinese women had bound feet; for upper class women, the fi gure was almost 100%†¦ † (William Rossi). The Chinese culture encouraged this foot binding process as it was highly desired from ancient China to the 20th century until the establishment of the new Chinese Republic officially banning the process, ceasing it’s use.Mothers considered and inflicted the painful process of foot binding upon their daughters for reasons of marriage, status, and beauty with positive results or death from infection and a life-long physical disability. B. Summary Of The Evidence * The practices of foot binding were described as â€Å"San tsun gin lian,† â€Å"Golden Lotus† or â€Å"Lily†. By the 19th century, 40–50% of Chinese women had bound feet and for upper class women, the figure was almost 100%. * According to historical account, root of foot binding lie in China in the Sung Dynasty (960-1279 A. D. ), during the rule of Emperor Li Yu in China.The ruler's favorite concubine Yao-Niang performed a dance on the tips of her toes atop a golden lotus pedestal. * Another origin is of an Empress who had club-like feet, which became a desirable fashion. * Criteria for a well-bounded foot is three inches in length, a three inch deep clef between the heel and sole and that the appearance of the bounded foot is seen as a dainty extension of the leg. * The elder village women or mother was responsible for initiating and monitoring the binding process. * Foot binding was begun between the ages of two to five before the arch of the foot had a chance to develop fully. Toenails were cut back to prevent in-growth and infection. * Each foot would be soaked in a warm mixture of herbs and animal blood; this was intended aid the process by softening the tissue and bones of the foot to allow manipulation. * All the toes on the foot except for the big toe are broken and folded under the sole. * The broken toes were held tightly against the sole of the foot while the foot was then drawn down straight with the l eg and the arch forcibly broken. * The foot was then bound in place with a 10'x2†³ silk or cotton bandage. The bandages were repeatedly wound, starting at the inside of the foot at the instep, then carried over the toes, under the foot, and round the heel, the freshly broken toes being pressed tightly into the sole of the foot. At each pass around the foot, the binding cloth was tightened, pulling the ball of the foot and the heel ever close together, causing the broken foot to fold at the arch, and pressing the toes underneath. * Each time the feet were unbound, they were washed, the toes carefully checked for injury, and the nails carefully and meticulously trimmed. Immediately after this pedicure, the girl's broken toes were folded back under and the feet were rebound. * Process took approximately two years. * Toenails would often in-grow, becoming infected and causing injuries to the toes. * The tightness of the binding meant that the circulation in the feet was faulty, and the circulation to the toes was almost cut off. * As the girl grew older, the bones would begin to heal, although even after the foot bones had healed they were prone to re-breaking. * Septicemia and gangrene resulted from the bacteria. A 1997 study by researchers at the University of California at San Francisco found that women ages 80 and older with bound feet were more likely to have fallen in the previous year and to need assistance in rising from a sitting position. They also had lower bone density in the hip and spine than women with normal feet, increasing their risk of debilitating fractures. * Foot binding was first practiced among the elite and only in the wealthiest parts of China, which suggests that binding the feet of well-born girls represented their freedom from manual labor and wealth. In politics, a woman was kept from interfering if she was immobile, and a â€Å"kept† woman reflected a powerful man. * Mothers would endure binding their daughters’ fe et as an investment in the future. The more attractive she could make her daughter, the better marriage prospects she had. * A bound foot signified that a woman had achieved womanhood, and served as a mark of her gendered identity. * Small bounded feet were seen as elegant, dainty, beautiful, erotic and a prerequisite for finding a husband. * Foot binding was eventually banned in the 20th century with the rise of the new Republic of China through educational campaigns. C. AnalysisFrom the birth of a baby girl, the status of the family determined whether her feet would be bounded or left untouched. If the family was wealthy and was of elite status, the girl’s feet would be bounded. It represented the freedom the girl had from manual labor, as she would not be able to walk or work in her bounded state, which also maintained family honor and reputation. Bounded feet set the boundary between higher and lower class. The people of lower class needed everyone in the family to work o n the farm and could not afford the luxury to tend to aesthetics or fashion, as bounded feet were seen as dainty, elegant and attractive.The â€Å"Golden Lily† or bounded feet were a desirable fashion among women and signified the transformation of a girl into a woman. The process marked the end of her childhood and the beginning of womanhood, which was important to one’s identity. By not being able to bind their daughter’s feet, it was detrimental to her prospects of marrying into the higher class and raising her social status or having a more prestigious marriage. Zhou Guizhen, survivor of foot binding, 86 years old, states, â€Å"At that time everybody had bound feet. If you didn't, you'd only be able to marry a tribesman from an ethnic minority. The higher class glorified this painful process as aesthetically pleasing and as an investment in the girl’s future marriage. In China pre 19th century, marriage was a crucial part of a woman’s entire life. Woman had the purpose of being a wife and reproducing children. Without marriage, there would be no husband to rely on, children to tend her grave and no prosperity to her family. If a woman did not marry it equated to a life with no meaning. In marriage, wealth, status and physical appearance were crucial. Marriage was a bond between two households or businesses.Thus the mother would increase the value of her daughter by binding her feet to display the wealth, status of the family and the attractiveness of the daughter’s physical appearance. Bounded feet increased marriage prospects and the likeliness for her to marry into another wealthy family, which would benefit her own family in return. They were seen as erotic and as a form of chastity, being the symbol of submission to the husband. An immobile wife would not be able to leave the house and is wholly dependent upon the husband, thus objectifying the woman and reflecting a more dominant man.Bounded feet were only s een as attractive when concealed in the lotus shoes. Some men preferred to never see the bounded feet, so that they were concealed in their shoes as a beautiful mystery. â€Å"If you remove the shoes and bindings, the aesthetic feeling will be destroyed forever. † (Feng Xun). It was understood that the erotic fantasy of bounded feet did not equate to the unpleasant physical reality, which was therefore to he kept hidden. To an extent, foot binding was not considered a form of body mutilation but as a component of female attire or adornment.If done correctly the girl would survive the process, only to live with the physical disability and further risks of medical problems. During the process, despite the meticulous care of trimming the toenails, they would often in-grow causing infections in the toes and feet. The tightness of the bindings would decrease blood circulation to the feet ceasing injuries to heal and gradually worsen to infection or rotting flesh. The girl would be susceptible to infections such as septicemia and gangrene due to the increase of bacteria. The practice of foot binding was not only physically crippling, but it also produced physiological implications.The abdomen would swell, the lumbar vertebra would curve forward and the back would be inflicted with increased muscle stress. This forced the woman to put all her weight on her lower body and pelvis. One’s whole body was deformed as a result from foot binding. Simple acts such as squatting and bending were difficult. Large corns and calluses would appear on the bounded feet and had to be cut off. Instead of walking in a straight line, the woman would have to walk side to side in a swaying motion. As the years passed, the bounded foot would continue growing, but instead of growing longer the foot would grow crooked.This would cause further injuries and deformities to the foot. The toes would curl deeper inwards causing potential infections, which inevitably followed with dise ases. According to a 1997 study by researchers in the University of California found that woman ages 80 and over with bound feet had lower bone density in the hip and spine than a woman with normal feet, suggesting that the bones were prone to re-breaking and fractures. Opposition to the foot binding first began in China during the Qing period (1644 – 1911) with Manchu rule.When foreign missionaries began to gain footholds in China after the Opium war and the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912, the new Nationalist government of the Republic of China banned foot binding. The Lotus feet were no longer a symbol of beauty but a symbol of oppression and were seen as a barbaric practice of the old China. Through modern education campaigns, it was explained that the rest of the world did not bind women’s feet and that China was seen as savage, making the nation subject to international ridicule. The advantages of natural unbound feet over bound feet were encouraged.Natural feet societies were formed whose members pledged not to bind their daughter’s feet or allow their sons to marry women with bound feet. These tactics succeeded in eradicating the use of a practice, which has survived for thousands of years. D. Conclusion According to an old saying in China, â€Å"There are a thousand buckets of tears for one who binds her feet. † These woman’s tiny feet sealed their tragic fate all for marriage prospects, status and beauty, ingredients for a good life of a woman in pre-20th China. Only to live with a self inflicted physical disability prone to infections, diseases and medical injuries.With the rise of the 20th century and the fall of the Qing Dynasty, the era of foot binding had been abandoned leaving only fragments of the past that present day society view as a horrific mutilation of the human body. E. Bibliography Dehoff, Elizabeth. â€Å"Foot Binding†, Ask, http://shoes. about. com/od/footwear/qt/foot_binding. htm Farlander . â€Å"Chinese Foot Binding†, h2g2, http://h2g2. com/dna/h2g2/A11558722 Holman, Jeanine. â€Å"Foot Binding†, 2010, http://www. josephrupp. com/history. html Mao, J. â€Å"Foot Binding: Beauty And Torture†, The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology. 008 Volume 1 Number 2 Myfanawy, Evans. †The Painful Tradition of Foot Binding in China†, Pattya Daily News, September 16, 2010, http://www. pattayadailynews. com/en/2010/09/16/the-painful-tradition- of-foot-binding-in-china/ Wikipedia contributors, â€Å"Foot binding†, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Foot_binding&oldid=483989361 1 (accessed March 28, 2012). ——————————————– [ 1 ]. J. Mao, â€Å"Foot Binding: Beauty And Torture†, The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology. 2008 Volume 1 Number 2 [ 2 ].Farlander, â€Å"Chinese Foot Binding†, h2g2, http://h2g2. com/dna/h2g2/A11558722 [ 3 ]. Ibid. [ 4 ]. Myfanawy, Evans. †The Painful Tradition of Foot Binding in China†, Pattya Daily News, September 16, 2010, http://www. pattayadailynews. com/en/2010/09/16/the-painful-tradition-of-foot-binding-in-china/ [ 5 ]. Blood poisoning from bacteria. [ 6 ]. Decomposition of body tissues from bacterial infection. [ 7 ]. Elizabeth Dehoff, â€Å"Foot Binding†, Ask, http://shoes. about. com/od/footwear/qt/foot_binding. htm [ 8 ]. Farlander, â€Å"Chinese Foot Binding†, h2g2, http://h2g2. com/dna/h2g2/A11558722 [ 9 ].Wikipedia contributors, â€Å"Foot binding†, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Foot_binding&oldid=4839893611 (accessed March 28, 2012). [ 10 ]. Farlander, â€Å"Chinese Foot Binding†, h2g2, http://h2g2. com/dna/h2g2/A11558722 [ 11 ]. Wikipedia contributors, â€Å"Foot binding†, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, h ttp://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Foot_binding&oldid=4839893611 (accessed March 28, 2012). [ 12 ]. Blood poisoning from bacteria. [ 13 ]. Decomposition of body tissues from bacterial infection. [ 14 ]. Jeanine Holman, â€Å"Foot Binding†, 2010, http://www. josephrupp. com/history. html