Free Essays on Whartons Ethan Frome: Unselfish and Stupid Ethan :: Ethan Frome Essays

Unselfish and Stupid Ethan Frome Ethan Frome was an unselfish man, he paid special mind to the interests of others and acted to serve them as opposed to himself. Despite the fact that this demeanor is ordinarily viewed as an awesome trademark it end up being Ethan Frome's demise. The entirety of Ethan's difficulties were an immediate consequence of his unselfishness and exacting good principles. The existence that Ethan lived, the plot of the story, could have been definitely changed, and no doubt improved had Ethan thought about the impacts of his activities and choices upon himself. Ethan was a canny man, he had high dreams for himself as an architect, and he needed to have an actual existence away from the constant drudgery of life in Starksville. At the point when his mom kicked the bucket leaving Zeena without a spot to go, Ethan, being the caring man he was, offered to wed her since he felt committed to do as such. This choice anyway shut out his desires for a superior life. With the end goal for Ethan to get training he should have cash. With the goal for Ethan to get cash he should sell the homestead. What's more, with another spouse to deal with he couldn't in any way, shape or form oversee it. Ethan's choice to wed Zeena had chained his social portability and had achieved the reaction of Zeena's discontent. Ethan further welcomed on the fierceness of Zeena when he decided to engage with Mattie. Ethan minded a lot for Mattie and didn't' need Zeena to take her from him. Since Mattie was not appropriate to be a house keeper and every now and again committed errors Ethan would assist her with her errands. Ethan additionally helped her and attempted to conceal her weaknesses from Zeena. Anyway his endeavors to help Mattie wound up harming him. Zeena was without a doubt mindful of Ethan's attachment to Mattie; she intimated this when she kept Ethan and Mattie out of the house. Other than aiding Mattie with her tasks Ethan supported her and defended her before Zeena. At the point when the feline broke the pickle dish when Zeena was away at seeing a specialist Ethan made a special effort to attempt to cover it up. He prepared an arrangement to get some paste and set up the dish back so that Zeena wouldn't take note. At the point when that arrangement fizzled and Zeena found the wrecked dish, Et han was happy to assume the fault rather than Mattie.

buy custom Body System and Homeostasis essay

purchase custom Body System and Homeostasis exposition The issue introduced on this examination will bargain on the event from the outlook of the cardiovascular framework when there is drop in circulatory strain as depicted by Susie when she washed up and passed out when she held up. What long haul systems will the body use so as to keep up a typical pulse extend? This exploration will attempt to clarify all body frameworks that are basic segments to circulatory strain homeostasis. Homeostasis is a condition of balance or a propensity to arrive at harmony, either metabolically inside a phone or creature or socially and mentally inside an individual or gathering (Encarta Dictionary 2009). Homoeostasis is anything but a living thing yet rather it is the capacity of the body in keeping up a consistent state in creatures (Flint, Devanda March 7, 2012 Homeostasis Blood Pressure eHow Health). The body continually controls its inward condition in spite of outside impacts. Utilizing different inside components are utilized by the body to keep consistent control of circulatory strain, breath, temperature and blood glucose measures (Celli,Beth eHow Health). Pulse stays in typical cutoff points with the utilization of quick or moderate instruments as the need emerges. By cooperating, its components will endeavor to keep up around 120/80 mm Hg. Pulse (Celli). When the temperature ascend over its typical range, the reflexes communicates to bring back its consistent state subsequently the body respond when there is sweat and decreased digestion. Tenacious deviation is started by the body to do moves, for example, making spread when its hot or go for a swimming to keep the internal heat level come back to typical. Other remedial cooperations of the framework are additionally watched following this example, for example, blood glucose level, osmotic weight and blood pH. These are the standard methodology in homeostasis. Underneath typical range, there is a tangible information which reports the adjustments in consistent state and impact instruments to reestablish it consistent state (International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences). One of crucial quick homeostatic instruments that are included to direct circulatory strain is called baroreceptor reflex. This is gotten by receptors cooperating from the tangible nerves to medulla oblongata just as the engine nerves. Another fast instrument in controlling circulatory strain is the adrenal organ wherein epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones are discharged. The two of which will in general increase the volume of blood being siphoned by the heart every moment along these lines making the veins contract. These responses will enable the blood to strain to raise. This just implies the tactile nerves initiates when unexpected changes are sees by baroreceptors. These receptors that are found on the heart walling are enacted when baroreceptors notice a few changes through medulla oblongata where the message is being deciphered. At the point when the sign is gotten, the medulla chooses to increment or lower the pulse. The required acclimation to stabillize circulatory stra in is enacted via autonomic sensory system through the engine nerves. The autonomic sensory system contains Sympathetic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Nervous System. Every ha their own capacities. In the event that pulse should be expanded, the thoughtful sensory system accomplish the work which makes a portion of the veins slender down and increment the volume of blood siphoned in this way expanding the circulatory strain. On the off chance that the circulatory strain should be diminished, the parasympathetic sensory system is motioned by medulla oblongata to bring down the pulse. The parasympathetic nerves will make the veins either to grow or open to diminish opposition prompting decrease blood pressure.There are additionally instruments which manage long haul restriction of circulatory strain. The most applicable instrument is the rennin-angiotension-aldosterone. The kidneys are answerable for the emission of renin and aldosterone heading off to the circulation system which causes the tightening of veins. Aldosterone will in general increment the volume of water and sodium that are being submerged by the kidneys prompting the expansion of blood just as water into the circulation system. This joint action will cause the expansion of pulse (eHow Health). In this manner, a criticism system frequently gets included to look after homeostasis. The body no longer signals the other inner frameworks once the breathing rate becomes ordinary once more (1997 McGraw-Hill College Division Body System and Homeostasis). Purchase custom Body System and Homeostasis article

How Can You Benefit From Using Free Write Essay Topics?

How Can You Benefit From Using Free Write Essay Topics?Free write essay topics can be found on many websites. These sites usually charge a fee for the content, but this is a small price to pay for the great educational tools they provide. They have high quality articles and ideas to help you with your writing career.All you need to do is read the articles that are posted, and you will be able to write essays as good as they were written by those who were paid. Not only that, but they offer you the money-back guarantee. If they don't like what you have written, they can refund your money, so there's no risk involved.You will find many topics to choose from on the sites where you can use their essay topics. Some of the topics are free, while others will have some kind of cost to access. In any case, it's important to do your research before choosing a topic. Although these sites may offer free content, there is no guarantee that what you are reading is original or related to your subje ct.In order to make sure that you aren't spending your time researching free essay topics instead of learning, you need to choose ones that are related to your area of study. You will find information on the site about the topic that you choose, and even about how you can help them make money off your writing efforts. This will help you learn how to use the material.They will also help you in deciding which of the interesting essay topics they have, will best suit your needs. They will make your writing effort more effective and productive. You can use this information to help you create a more engaging essay.The free write essay topics they offer you will allow you to use them for your academic writing projects, or for school projects that you want to help your school work on. The use of these essays will help you gain a better grasp of the topic you are working on. In addition, you will become aware of the different techniques you need to use to reach your academic goals.You may w ant to look at other sites that offer free write essay topics. These sites often have high quality content, and they also have the best customer service. You can receive information on different topics that you may be interested in.

Sun Bear Facts (Helarctos malayanus)

The sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) is the smallest species of bear. It gets its common name for the white or golden bib on its chest, which is said to represent the rising sun. The animal is also known as the honey bear, reflecting its love of honey, or the dog bear, referring to its stocky build and short muzzle. Fast Facts: Sun Bear Scientific Name: Helarctos malayanusCommon Names: Sun bear, honey bear, dog bearBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 47-59 inchesWeight: 60-176 poundsLifespan: 30 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: Southeast Asia rainforestsPopulation: DecreasingConservation Status: Vulnerable Description The sun bear has short black fur with a pale crescent-shaped bib that may be white, cream, or golden. It has a short, buff-colored muzzle. The bear has small, round ears; an extremely long tongue; large canine teeth; and large, curved claws. The soles of its feet are hairless, which helps the bear climb trees. Adult male sun bears are 10% to 20% larger than females. Adults average between 47 and 59 inches long and weigh between 60 and 176 pounds. The sun bear has curved claws and an extremely long tongue. Freder / Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Sun bears live in the evergreen tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia. Their habitat includes northeastern India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, southern China, and some Indonesian islands. There are two subspecies of sun bear. The Bornean sun bear only lives on the island of Borneo. The Malayan sun bear occurs in Asia and on the island of Sumatra. Diet Sun bears, like other bears, are omnivores. They feed on bees, hives, honey, termites, ants, insect larvae, nuts, figs and other fruit, and sometimes flowers, plant shoots, and eggs. The bears strong jaws easily crack open nuts. Sun bears are hunted by humans, leopards, tigers, and pythons. Behavior Despite its name, the sun bear is largely nocturnal. It relies on its keen sense of smell to find food at night. The bears long claws help it climb and also tear open termite mounds and trees. The bear uses its extremely long tongue to lap up honey from bee hives. Male bears are more likely than females to be active during the day. Although relatively small, sun bears are known to be fierce and aggressive if disturbed. Because they live in the tropics, the bears are active year-round and do not hibernate. Reproduction and Offspring Sun bears reach sexual maturity around 3 to 4 years of age. They can mate at any time of the year. After a gestation period of 95 to 174 days, the females gives birth to one or two cubs (although twins are uncommon). Newborn cubs are blind and hairless and weigh between 9.9 and 11.5 ounces. Cubs are weaned after 18 months. In captivity, male and female bears socialize and jointly care for young. In other bear species the female raises her cubs on her own. The lifespan of highly reclusive wild sun bears is unknown, but captive bears live up to 30 years. Sun bear cubs are born blind and furless. Christian Aslund / Getty Images Conservation Status The IUCN classifies the sun bears conservation status as vulnerable. Bear populations are decreasing in size. The sun bear has been listed on CITES Appendix I since 1979. Threats While it is illegal to kill sun bears throughout their range, commercial hunting is among the species greatest threats. Sun bears are poached for their meat and gall bladders. Bear bile is used in traditional Chinese medicine and is also an ingredient in soft drinks, shampoo, and cough drops. Despite their temperament, sun bears are also illegally captured for the pet trade. The other significant threat to sun bear survival is habitat loss and fragmentation due to deforestation and human encroachment. Forest fires also affect sun bears, but they tend to recover providing there is a neighboring population. Sun bears are kept in captivity for their commercial value and for conservation. They are farmed for their gall bladders in Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar. Since 1994, the species has been part of a captive-breeding program with the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and the European breed registry. The Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre in Sandakan, Malaysia rehabilitates sun bears and works toward their conservation. Sources Brown, G. Great Bear Almanac. 1996. ISBN:978-1-55821-474-3.Foley, K. E., Stengel, C. J. and Shepherd, C. R. Pills, Powders, Vials and Flakes: The Bear Bile Trade in Asia. Traffic Southeast Asia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia, 2011.Scotson, L., Fredriksson, G., Augeri, D., Cheah, C., Ngoprasert, D. Wai-Ming, W. Helarctos malayanus (errata version published in 2018). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T9760A123798233. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T9760A45033547.enServheen, C.; Salter, R. E. Chapter 11: Sun Bear Conservation Action Plan. In Servheen, C.; Herrero, S.; Peyton, B. (eds.). Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland: International Union for Conservation of Nature. pp. 219–224, 1999.Wong, S. T.; Servheen, C. W.; Ambu, L. Home range, movement and activity patterns, and bedding sites of Malayan sun bears Helarctos malayanus in the Rainforest of Borneo. Biological Conservation. 119 (2): 169–181, 2004. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2003.10. 029

Case Study Healthsouth Corporation Scandal - 1521 Words

Anna James Case Study: HealthSouth Corporation Scandal Week3 Forensic Accounting: Ethics and Legal Environment Professor Erskine Hawkins HealthSouth Corporation is a large, public healthcare company that operates 93 inpatient rehabilitation hospital, 49 outpatient rehabilitation satellites, six long-term acute care hospitals, and 25 home health agencies. According to the company websites, it is â€Å"one of the nation’s largest healthcare providers specializing in rehabilitation†.5 The company headquarter is based in Birmingham, Alabama with operation in 26 states across the country and in Puerto Rico. HealthSouth’s stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the ticker symbol HLS, it â€Å"closing price as of December 15,†¦show more content†¦Some of staff of the company including the â€Å"CFO at the time William Owens was a past employee of Ernst and Young†4, this question the independence of the auditing firm when analyzing either the malpractices cooked by the company were accepted based on the fact it is from their former mates without closely looking at their contents or they simply had a blind eye by trusting the accounts without proper cautious, which result in negligent on their part. The discovery of the fraud resulted in a loss of reputation for the company and loss of $ 2.5 billion. Lack of adequate information also played a minor problem in the fraud not been discover earlier than it should have been because when an employee of the company had written to the auditor about questionable issues, which the auditors brought up with the management but were not provided adequate information for them to suspect any wrong doing. The introduction of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which requires a sworn certification by company CEOs that the financial statements contained â€Å"no untrue statement of a material fact† led to Scrushy agreement to stop inflating earnings. The aftermath of the fraud that tookShow MoreRelatedThe Anatomy Of Corporate Fraud Essay845 Words   |  4 Pagescomparative Analysis of High Profile American and European Corporate Scandals. The abstract discusses the analysis conducted on the three major American accounting scandals; Enron, WorldCom, and HealthSouth, and compares to the three major European accounting scandals; Parmalat, Royal Ahold, and Vivendi Universal. Bahram Soltani (2014), also discusses within the abstract the different areas reviewed regarding why the accounting scandals occurred; ethical climate, tone at the top, bubble economy and marketRead MoreFactors of Ethical Collapse3526 Words   |  15 Pagesof the number and severity of the scandals (McCraw, Moffeit O’Malley, 2008). Healthsouth and its CEO are a prime example of a business that have been in the spotlight for unethical and criminal behaviors and experienced an ethical collapse similar to Enron and WorldCom. The company, Healthsouth, was one of the largest healthcare provider led by CEO, Richard Scrushy, one of the most mesmeric and authoritative leaders of all times. During its heyday, HealthSouth employed about 50,000 employeesRead MoreFinancial Fraud Methods Of The Healthsouth Corporate1769 Words   |  8 PagesCase study There is a famous case of financial fraud, one of the largest outpatient surgery, rehabilitation and diagnostic imaging companies in US, known as HealthSouth corporate. The company had over 1,800 facilities in all 50 states which also happen to be the first scandal by listed companies in US after the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Two main sections will be discussed from this case. Firstly, to explain the financial fraud methods of the HealthSouth corporate. Secondly, the audit failure of Ernst andRead More Richard Scrushy and HealthSouth Essay2155 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction HealthSouth is one of the nation’s largest healthcare providers specializing in rehabilitation. HealthSouth was founded by Richard M. Scrushy in 1984 and went public in 1986. Scrushy served as its Chairman of the Board from 1994 to 2002. The company was incorporated in January 1984 as Amcare Inc. before its name was changed to HealthSouth Rehabilitation Corporation in May 1985. In January of 2003, Mr. Scrushy reassumed the position of CEO. HealthSouth grew rapidly duringRead MoreHow the Sarbanes-Oxley Act Will Impact the Audit Function2015 Words   |  9 PagesBefore the Enron-Arthur Anderson scandal, auditors were generally viewed as independent and trustworthy professionals. They protected the interests of the individual investor by ensuring that corporations presented financial statements that accurately reflected the financial results of operations. The auditor was trusted to present the facts as he saw it, regardless of the implications. When events such as the academy awards used the services of a CPA, it was done not because the counting of ballotsRead MoreHow The Sarbanes-Oxley Act Will Impact The Audit Function Essay example1993 Words   |  8 PagesBefore the Enron-Arthur Anderson scandal, auditors were generally viewed as independent and trustworthy professionals. They protected the interests of the individual investor by ensuring that corporations presented financial statements that accurately reflected the financial results of operations. The auditor was trusted to present the facts as he saw it, regardless of the implications. When events such as the academy awards used the services of a CPA, it was done not because the counting of ballotsRead MoreThe Theory Of Accounting Fraud3500 Words   |  14 PagesA number of cases of fraudulent accounting have been reported over the last fifty years. However, in each case the manner in which the fraud was perpetrated was different In the UK there is no legal definition of fraud (Levi, Information Gathering Working Party and Doig, 1999). Black’s Law Dictionary (1999) defines fraud as â€Å"a knowing misrepresentation of the truth or concealment of a material fact†. When we apply this to the world of accountancy there can be confusion between fraud and ‘creativeRead MoreThe Pbs J Accounting Scandal2212 Words   |  9 PagesCASE STUDY: THE PBSJ ACCOUNTING SCANDAL Introduction The Enron and WorldCom scandals were arguably the incidents that permanently changed the procedures for accounting controls. In response to these incidents, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002 was passed. Once the knowledge of these scandals was made public, a number of subsequent accounting scandals were discovered in public companies such as Tyco International, HealthSouth, and American Insurance Group. In addition, a then-employee-owned companyRead MoreEssay about Conflicts of Interest between Auditors and Clients2131 Words   |  9 PagesThe complete destruction of companies including Arthur Andersen, HealthSouth, and Enron, revealed a significant weakness in the United States audit system. The significant weakness is the failure to deliver true independence between the auditors and their clients. In each of these companies there was deviation from professional rules of conduct resulting from the pressures of clients placed upon their auditors (Goldman, and Barlev 857-859). Over the years, client and auditor relationships wereRead MoreReflection Paper On Business Ethics2881 Words   |  12 Pagesthe last ten years and some of the effects it had on individuals I could not name those that were considered the worst; therefore, the top ten frauds of the century and the reasons why they reached this dubious rank was very interesting. In most cases, these frauds did not help, but actually hindered both the stakeholders as well as the shareholders. I did do additional research to make sure that I understood these businesses and how they imploded. Because I found them almost mind-blowing, I have

Cloud Computing Implementation SoftArc

Question: Discuss about the Cloud Computing Implementation for SoftArc. Answer: Comparison of IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS The comparison of the IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS have been shown in the table below, Component of Comparison IaaS PaaS SaaS Usage The IaaS cloud service deploys the host app for the usage of the customers and users of the system. The use of the PaaS cloud service would be deployed for building the application for the operations of the users. The SaaS cloud services is prone to consume application for the provision of the services to the users. Runtime The runtime of the cloud system is self managed The runtime of the cloud system is vendor managed The runtime of the cloud system is vendor managed Application The applications of the cloud system is self managed The applications of the cloud system is self managed The applications of the cloud system is vendor managed Data management The data management of the cloud system is self managed The data management of the cloud system is self managed The data management of the cloud system is vendor managed Middleware The middleware of the cloud system is vendor managed The middleware of the cloud system is self managed The middleware of the cloud system is self managed Table 1: Comparison of the IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS (Source: Dillon Vossen, 2015, p.104) RecommendedModel for SoftArc SaaS cloud deployment system is best suitable for the development of smart operations of the cloud system (Almorsy, Grundy Muller, 2016). The cloud computing system would provide the ease of faster and better operations system in the organization. The SaaS is software as a service model that deploys the modification of the cloud system for the modification of the cloud computing technology. SaaS provides the model for easing the users with plug in and accessing the shared infrastructure by the help of cloud system (Hashizume et al., 2013). The benefits of SaaS cloud computing are, High Adoption: The high adoption of the applications would result in managing the operations of the SoftArc and developing the modification in the cloud computing operations of the organization. Lower Initial Costing: The SaaS would provide low cost of the initial implementation of the cloud deployment system (Dillon Vossen, 2015). The SaaS cloud computing of SoftArc Engineering can be deployed by the exhausting less amount of cost and resources. Problems of Cloud Computing and Improvement Strategies The problems of deploying cloud computing system for the operations of the SoftArc are, Privacy Issues: The privacy issues of the cloud computing is a major threat for the organization. The threat of external infiltration in the system is a major flaw and issue of the cloud system. Vendor dependency: The dependency of the vendor for the operations of the cloud would provide the issue of sluggish operations. The issues of cloud computing could be managed by the deployment of the mitigation strategies at the organization. The issues of the cloud computing would be managed by deploying security measures such as IDS/IPS, preventive measures for the organization, and development of the additional set up for the organizations (Rittinghouse Ransome, 2016). Security recommendations for the SoftArc are, IDS/IPS Implementation More Secured Security Designs References Almorsy, M., Grundy, J., Mller, I. (2016). An analysis of the cloud computing security problem.arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.01107. Dillon, S., Vossen, G. (2015). SaaS cloud computing in small and medium enterprises: A comparison between Germany and New Zealand.International Journal of Information Technology, Communications and Convergence,3(2), 87-104. Hashizume, K., Rosado, D. G., Fernndez-Medina, E., Fernandez, E. B. (2013). An analysis of security issues for cloud computing.Journal of Internet Services and Applications,4(1), 5. Rittinghouse, J. W., Ransome, J. F. (2016).Cloud computing: implementation, management, and security. CRC press.

Relationship Between Environmental Factors and Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescent Girls Research Paper Example

Relationship Between Environmental Factors and Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescent Girls Paper Relationship Between Environmental Factors and Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescent Girls Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a visible, psychological illness that is detrimental to both the physical and mental well-being of an individual (Bulik et al. , 2005). It is an eating disorder that is characterized by not only an unwillingness to gain weight, but a fear of gaining weight. Individuals suffering from anorexia are often perfectionists, who are neurotic, obsessive, and retain a low sense of self-esteem (Kaye et al. , 2008; Bulik et al. , 2005). These individuals tend to prioritize their physical image over their health, and as a result, AN has retained the highest mortality rate over any other psychiatric illness, occurring at a prevalence of 5% per decade of the entire human population (Bulik et al. , 2005). It has also been observed that the occurrence of anorexia nervosa is significantly greater in the female population when compared to the occurrence in the male population, with the average age of onset starting between 15 and 19 years old (Bulik et al. , 2005). The direct cause of AN is unknown, but through excessive amounts of scientific exploring, many researchers have concluded that anorexia is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, categorizing it as a familial disease (Kaye et al. , 2008). This positive correlation between gene-environment is often seen in offspring of parents who previously suffered from AN. They are seen as having a â€Å"double disadvantage,† as not only do they inherit the unidentified genes that increase the risk of AN, but they are exposed to an environment which increases the chances of the expression of those genes linked with anorexia (Bulik et al. 2005). This does not necessarily mean that all individuals who suffer from this eating disorder are predisposed to having AN, as the influence of environmental factors are much greater than that of genetic influence. In the study done by Peterson, Paulson Williams (2007), they examined the three most influential factors that are associated wit h the development of anorexia in adolescents: maternal influence, peer influence, and media influence. More importantly, they wanted to find out to what extent is each sociocultural influence associated with the development of eating disorders and the patterns of relation between each factor. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Environmental Factors and Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescent Girls specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Environmental Factors and Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescent Girls specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Environmental Factors and Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescent Girls specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this quantitative study, 333 adolescent girls and boys, grades 10-12, from a public high school in suburban Detroit made up the sample. Eating disorder symptoms were assessed using two tests: the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) and the Eating Disorder Inventory-Second Edition (EDI-2). In this study, the bulimia category of the EDI-2 was disregarded as it overlaps with the bulimia subscale in the EAT. The influence of a sociocultural factor was evaluated using The Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3), which was developed by Thompson and van den Berg (2004). The SATAQ-3 was originally developed to assess the pressures of media, but researchers in this study modified it to also assess the pressures from mothers and peers, using a 5-point Likert-type scale for the adolescents to answer the questions. Results showed that on average, female adolescents had a greater desire to diet and strive for thinness than male adolescents, and their level of body dissatisfaction was larger on average as well (Peterson et al. , 2007). The maternal and media influence was not as great in boys as it was in girls, and the perceived pressures by peers was equal in both sexes, having little to no influence (Peterson et al. , 2007). Peterson, Paulson Williams (2007), concluded that maternal and media pressures in adolescent females is strong and due to these strong influences, females often lack body satisfaction, a result of low self-esteem, and strive to be more physically attractive. In order to satisfy the image expected by the environment around them, these females are then more likely to diet, and engage in anorexic behaviors. Another important factor, which plays a relevant role in the development of anorexia, is self-esteem, as lack of self-esteem seems to be one of the main reasons women strive to be thin. Using a quantitative method, Karpowicz, Skarsater and Nevonen (2009) examined the changes in self-esteem of patients treated with anorexia nervosa, before and after treatment. 38 young female patients, ages 16 to 25, being treated for anorexia at Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, were included in this study. All participants of this study had previously been diagnosed with AN according to the DSM-IV. Assessment of self-esteem was conducted before treatment and after treatment using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE-S), which is comprised of ten questions about the patient’s self-image: five negative and five positive. The EDI-2 was also used to evaluate self-esteem of the female patients, with the bulimia subscale disregarded. The outcomes of the two questionnaires showed significant improvement in a patient’s self-esteem between the pre-treatment assessment and the post-treatment assessment (Karpowicz et al. , 2009). The results concluded that an individual suffering from anorexia had very high body dissatisfaction and weight phobia before treatment- a result of low self-esteem- but after three months of intense treatment, both body dissatisfaction and weight phobia diminished, and self-esteem increased, resulting in a positive correlation between overcoming anorexia and self-esteem (Karpowicz et al. , 2009). This allowed Karpowicz et al. (2009) to summarize that low self-esteem is a very important factor in developing AN. Rothschild-Yakar et al. 2010), chose to do additional research on how relationships with parents act as a precursor of disordered eating. They also believed that lower mentalization ability was a factor that made individuals more vulnerable to anorexia nervosa (Rothschild-Yakar et al. , 2010). In this study, 34 female patients who had previously been diagnosed with AN using the DSM-IV made up the experimental group. The control comprised of 35 female high school students that h ad no history of an eating disorder, and individuals who scored below 20 in the EAT. The QRI, created by Pierce (1994), measured quality of relationships and was administered twice, once regarding maternal relationship and once regarding paternal relationship. Two subscales- drive for thinness and bulimia- from the EDI-2 was used to measure anorexia symptoms. Results demonstrated that AN patients showed a lower capacity for mentalization when compared to the control group, and they also reported to have less support and greater conflict in parental relationships (Rothschild-Yakar et al. , 2010). The data that Rothschild-Yakar et al. 2010) obtained are similar to previously researched outcomes by Peterson et al. (2007), showing that maternal and paternal relationships are important in preventing anorexia behaviors in female adolescents, especially maternal relationships, as the associations between father-child relationships have been seen as protecting females from developing eating disorder symptoms. This led them to the conclude that strong maternal pressures had a great impact on an adolescent female’s chances of developing AN (Rothschild-Yakar et al. , 2010). As summarized by Peterson et al. 2007), media influence has a strong impact on an adolescent’s perception of body image. Harrison and Hefner (2006), further investigated how early media exposure can have a significant role in young females later on in life, with relation to their body ideals. A sample of 257 second, third, and fourth grade girls took part in this study. Each girl’s perception of body ideals was measure by two pictorial scales: one of prepubescent female children, and one of sexually mature female adults. Each scale featured seven body types ranging from very thin to very fat. The children were asked to pick the body types that represented how they currently look, how they would like to look currently, and how they want to look when they are fully mature adults. Instead of using the EAT to measure disordered eating symptoms, the Children’s Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT), a modified version of the EAT (Maloney et al. , 1988), is used instead. To measure the amount of media exposure, participants were asked to report how many hours of television they watched, and a weekly television-viewing index was computed. Magazine exposure was measured the same way. The data was collected in two waves, each wave a year apart from the other. Harrison and Hefner (2006), found that, in both waves, television viewing was a stronger predictor of a girl’s future body ideal, than their current body ideal, and greater television viewing led to a thinner future body ideal. The average body ideal was very thin, ranging between the second and third body figures out of seven, indicating that girls wish to be thinner, even before they hit puberty (Harrison Hefner, 2006). There is little evidence that preadolescent girls engage in disordered eating behaviors in order to achieve a thinner body, but research evidence proves that increased media exposure does lead to a desire for a thinner body in preadolescent girls (Harrison Hefner, 2006). These results allow Harrison and Hefner (2006), to conclude that media exposure does not have an effect on the current body ideals of young girls, but instead, on their future body ideals. This pressure from the media on future body ideals may act as predictors of disordered eating in the future, when the girls are adolescents (Harrison Hefner, 2006). Contrary to the other four quantitative research strategies discussed in this paper, the study done by Nilsson et al. (2007) uses a qualitative method that focuses on why former anorexia nervosa patients believe they developed an eating disorder. The study includes women who had previously been diagnosed with AN- using the DSM-IV- during adolescence and who had gone through treatment and recovered from AN. The interviews with these women took place 8 years and 16 years after treatment. They were asked a very open ended question: â€Å"what do you think today about the reasons why you got anorexia nervosa? † in both the first and second follow-up. The results were sorted into subcategories: four concerning self-image, three regarding familial influence, and four considering sociocultural influence. The self-image subcategories included things that had to do with the individual’s perception of their image: self demands of being perfect, low-self esteem, dieting/body dissatisfaction, and development of physical or mental symptoms. Familial influences were divided into: difficulties with family interaction and communications, high demands from family members and stressful family events. Peer and bullying problems, moving and separation from friends, bad situations at school, and sports, were categories sorted in the sociocultural influences. Overall, the interviews showed that the women believed self-image had the greatest impact as to why they developed anorexia; as each woman’s own demands for perfection and lack of self-esteem is what caused them to engage in anorexic behaviors (Nilsson et al. , 2007). The second greatest factor that was believed to have the most impact on anorexia was familial influences, specifically stressful events in the family, and the lack of family interaction and communication (Nilsson et al. , 2007). The study led by Nilsson et al. , provided insight into the causes of AN, through the view of someone who suffered from the illness. In the research studies discussed, eating disorder symptoms were assessed using multiple tests. The first one is the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), a test developed by Garner and Garfinkel (1979), assessing dieting, bulimia and oral control of the individual. The second test is the Eating Disorder Inventory-Second Edition (EDI-2), a test developed by Garner and Olmsted (1984), assessing bulimia, body dissatisfaction, and drive for thinness. Both tests consist of questions that are answered using a 6-point Likert-type scale, ranging from never to always (Garner Garfinkel, 1979; Garner Olmsted, 1984). The third test used in the majority of the studies is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), developed by the American Psychiatric Association (2000), which is used to diagnose anorexia nervosa. The use of standardized tests in these five articles increases the validity of the results, as there is a consistency between the articles. Although Harrison and Hefner (2006) modified the EAT to accommodate the age of their participants, the results of the ChEAT is still just as valid as the EAT, as the ChEAT was only modified to help the younger girls better comprehend the questions (Harrison Hefner, 2006). The results of the study done by Nilsson et al. (2007), is supported by the conclusion of Peterson et al. 2007), as they both found that parental pressures and self-esteem played the greatest role the development of anorexic behaviors. The findings of Rothschild-Yakar et al. (2010) and Karpowicz et al. (2009), also support the claims found by Peterson et al. (2007), regarding a connection between parental influence and self-esteem as predictors of disordered eating, leading to anorexia. Harrison Hefner’s study (2006) is also in accordance with the analysis done by Peter son et al. (2007), as both studies concluded that pressures from the media play a large role in the development of anorexia. None of the studies mentioned previously in this paper were able to consider factors such as race, and how racial profile influences an individual’s likeliness to exhibit anorexic behaviors, as racial background has been found to be an important indicator of differences between self-esteem of young females (Thompson et al. , 1997). The next logical step in anorexia nervosa research would be doing a mixed method longitudinal study of how early media exposure, familial influences, and racial background affects a large group of preadolescent girls’ self-esteem. By investigating how those three environmental factors increase the likelihood of the girls displaying anorexic symptoms, as they become adolescents and young women, it could help with future prevention and treatment programs. Based on the future directions of anorexia nervosa research, a reasonable research question would be: How does early media exposure and different racial backgrounds affect an adolescent female’s self-esteem and their risk of developing anorexia nervosa, also taking into account whether the girl is in a traditional family setting (i. e. ne male parent married to a female parent), or a non traditional family setting (i. e. divorced parents)? The population of adolescent females is chosen not only to maintain consistency with the discussed articles in this paper, but because it has been found that females are more susceptible to the disorder when compared to males and the average age of onset for anorexia is during adolescence (Bulik et al. , 2005). Media e xposure and family influences were chosen because it has been found that both media and family are the most significant when evaluating environmental factors (Peterson et al. 2007; Rothschild-Yakar et al. , 2010). Family setting was added to observe how important family communication, interaction and events are as roles in AN development. The last factor, racial background, is added to the model because none of the above studies were able to incorporate how race influences body image into their research. Since different races each have their own unique perspectives of an ideal body type, by adding racial background, it would help researchers recognize which groups of individuals are most susceptible to the disease (Thompson et al. 1997). Measurement using self-esteem was chosen, as it was found in previous studies that females with lower self-esteems are more at risk for AN (Karpowicz et al. , 2009). Today, women are convinced that the thinner body ideal is more attractive, all the while living in a society in which obesity is not only abundant and increasing (Karpowicz et al. , 2009). By further researching the factors that influence the development of AN, it can help prevent, as well as develop better treatment for the disorder. Anorexia is something that can be prevented, and perhaps by distinguishing the population that is most susceptible to the illness, the mortality and occurrence of this disorder can be decreased significantly. References: American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed. , text revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Bulik, C. M. , Reba, L. , Siega-Riz, A. , Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2005). Anorexia nervosa: definition, epidemiology and cycle of risk. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37, S2-S9. Garner, D. M. , Garfinkel, P. E. (1979). The Eating Attitudes Test: An index of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine, 9, 273–279. Garner, D. M. , Olmsted, M. P. (1984). The Eating Disorder Inventory manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Harrison, K. , Hefner, V. (2006). Media exposure, current and future body ideals, and disordered eating among preadolescent girls: a longitudinal panel study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(2), 153-163. Karpowicz, E. , Skaraster, I. , Nevonen, L. (2009). Self-esteem in patients treated for anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Metal Health Nursing, 18, 318-325. Kaye W. H. , Bulik, C. M. , Plotnicov, K. , Thornton, L. , Devlin, B. , Fichter, M. M. , Treasure, J. , Kaplan, A. , Woodside, D. B. , Johnson, C. L. , Halmi, K. , Brandt, H. A. , Crawford, S. , Mitchell, J. E. , Strober, M. , Berrettini, W. , Jones, I. (2008). The genetics of anorexia nervosa collaborative study: methods and sample description. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 41(4), 289-300 Maloney, M. J. , McGuire, J. B. , and Daniels, S. R. (1988). Reliability testing of a children’s version of the Eating Attitudes Test. Journal of the America Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(5), 541–543. Nilsson, K. , Abrahamsson, E. , Torbiornsson, A. , Hagglof, B. (2007). Causes of adolescent onset anorexia nervosa: patient perspectives. Eating Disorders, 15, 125-133. Peterson, K. A, Paulson, S. E. , Williams, K. K. (2007). Relations of eating disorder symptomology with perceptions of pressures from mother, peers, and media in adolescent girls and boys. Sex Roles, 57, 629-639. Pierce GR (1994) The quality of relationships inventory: Assessing the interpersonal context of social support. In BR Burleson, TL Albrecht, IG Sarason (Eds), Communication of Social Support: Messages, Interactions, Relationships, and Community (pp 247–266). Newbury Park (CA): Sage. Rothschild-Yakar, L. , Levy-Shiff, R. , Fridman-Balaban, R. , Gur, E. , Stein, D. (2010). Mentalization and relationships with parents are predicators of eating disordered behavior. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(7), 501-507. Thompson, J. K. , van den Berg, P. , Roehirg, M. , Guarda, A. S. , Heinberg L. J. (2004) The sociocultral attitudes towards appearance scale-3 (SATAQ-3): development and validation. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 35, 293-304. Thompson, S. H. , Corwin, S. , Sargent, R. (1997). Ideal body size beliefs and weight concerns of fourth-grade children. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 21, 279–284.